Examples of Traditional Ecological Knowledge

 1/ Time and Stone

-Ancestors used stones, particularly in the form of sundials, to predict time by observing the shadows cast by the sun. A sundial consists of a flat surface (the dial) and a vertical stick or stone (the gnomon) that casts a shadow. As the sun moves across the sky, the shadow shifts, indicating the time of day based on its position on the dial. This method not only served practical purposes for daily activities and agriculture but also reflected a deep cultural and spiritual connection to nature, as it demonstrated an understanding of natural cycles and the environment.

2/Forest(abode of deity)

- Sacred forests, often regarded as abodes of deities, play a crucial role in environmental protection by embodying cultural and spiritual beliefs that promote conservation. These forests are preserved through community practices and reverence, reflecting a deep connection between spirituality and ecological stewardship. 

3/Landscapes spirits

-landscape spirits can be understood through the lens of multi-species kinship, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of all beings—human and non-human—within a given environment. This perspective recognizes that landscapes are not merely physical spaces but are imbued with cultural, spiritual, and ecological significance.

4/Timing of Harvest

The timing of harvest based on seasonal changes and animal migration is a traditional practice that reflects the deep

connection between agriculture and nature. Farmers and communities have long observed the natural world to

determine the best times for planting and harvesting crops.

Seasonal Changes: Different crops have specific growing seasons influenced by temperature, rainfall, and sunlight. Farmers monitor these seasonal changes to decide when to plant seeds and when to harvest. For example, warmer temperatures in spring signal the time to plant, while cooler temperatures in fall indicate that it’s time to harvest.

Animal Migration: The migration patterns of animals, such as birds and certain mammals, can also serve as indicators of seasonal changes. For instance, the arrival of migratory birds in spring often signals that it’s time to plant crops, while their departure in the fall can indicate that harvest time is approaching.

Natural Sounds: The sounds of nature, such as the calls of specific birds or the behavior of insects, can provide additional cues. For example, the croaking of frogs or the buzzing of bees can indicate changes in temperature and the onset of certain seasons, helping farmers make informed decisions about their agricultural activities.

5/Medicinal Plant

Medicinal plants like artemisia in Dzongkha(Khempa shing) and (Puti shing)are used to treat sore throats, pain, scars, and digestive problems. Cordyceps is a valuable fungus in traditional medicine, known for boosting energy and health, and it also supports local economies through harvesting. Hot stone baths help relieve joint pain and are part of cultural traditions, strengthening community bonds. Together, these practices show how plants and healing methods connect to local culture and social life.

6/Appeasing deity before construction

Appeasing a deity before construction is a common practice in many cultures and religions. This ritual is often performed to seek blessings, protection, and success for the project. It typically involves offerings, prayers, or ceremonies conducted by spiritual leaders or community members. For example, when constructing a new house, a lama (spiritual leader) might be invited to conduct the ceremony, ensuring that the site is blessed and protected. In some cases, people may also place a small statue or a sacred object at the construction site to invite good fortune. These rituals reflect the Bhutanese belief in the spiritual connection to the land and the importance of harmony with nature.

7/Traditional paper making process

In Bhutan, traditional paper making, known as Desho, involves using the bark of the Daphne plant. The process begins with harvesting the bark, which is then soaked and boiled to soften it. After boiling, the bark is pounded or ground into a pulp. This pulp is spread onto a bamboo mat to form sheets, allowing excess water to drain away. The sheets are then dried in the sun, resulting in unique, handmade paper. Artisans often create beautiful notebooks and greeting cards from this Daphne paper, which is prized for its durability and natural texture. This traditional craft not only preserves Bhutanese culture but also provides a source of income for local families, showcasing their skills and craftsmanship.

8/Traditional Soap

In olden days, communities use traditional soap which was made using ashes and banana leaves. The process involves collecting ashes from burnt wood, which contains natural cleaning properties. These ashes are mixed with water to create a paste. Then, crushed banana leaves are added for their antibacterial qualities and pleasant scent. This mixture is used to clean utensils, effectively removing dirt and grease. This eco-friendly soap is a simple and natural way for communities to maintain cleanliness while using locally available materials.